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    • 专利摘要:
    SURFACES IMPREGNATED WITH LIQUID, MANUFACTURING METHODS AND DEVICES FOR THEIR INCORPORATION. The present invention is directed to an article with a surface impregnated with liquid, the surface having an array of protruding points on it, spaced close enough to stably contain a liquid between them or inside it, and a thin film on it is also preferable. The surface provides the article with advantageous non-wetting properties. In comparison to the previous non-wetting surfaces, which include a gas (for example, air) entrained within the surface textures, these liquid-impregnated surfaces are resistant to impalement and ice formation, and are therefore more robust.
    公开号:BR112014002585B1
    申请号:R112014002585-1
    申请日:2011-11-22
    公开日:2021-02-09
    发明作者:Rajeev Dhiman；David Smith；Kripa K. Varanasi；Ernesto Reza-Garduno Cabello
    申请人:Massachusetts Institute Of Technology；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Cross Reference to Related Orders
    [001] This application claims priority and the benefit of and incorporated here by reference in its entirety the provisional patent application US 61 / 515,395 that was filed on August 5, 2011. Technical Field
    [002] This invention generally relates to non-wetting and low adhesion surfaces. More particularly, in certain embodiments, the invention relates to non-wetting surfaces that resist liquid adhesion, ice formation, scale formation, hydrate formation and / or have anti-fouling properties. Background
    [003] The advent of modified micro / nano-surfaces in the last decade has improved new techniques to improve a wide variety of physical phenomena in the sciences of thermofluids. For example, the use of micro / nano surface textures provided non-wetting surfaces capable of achieving less viscous drag, reduced adhesion to ice and other materials, self-cleaning and water repellency. These improvements are generally the result of decreased contact (ie less wetting) between adjacent solid and liquid surfaces.
    [004] One type of non-wetting surface of interest is a super hydrophobic surface. In general, a super hydrophobic surface includes micro / nanoscale roughness on an intrinsically hydrophobic surface, such as a hydrophobic coating. Super hydrophobic surfaces resist contact with water due to an air-water interface within the micro / nano surface textures.
    [005] One of the disadvantages of existing non-wetting surfaces (for example, super hydrophobic, super oleophobic and super metallophobic surfaces) is that they are susceptible to adhesion which destroys the surface's non-wetting capabilities. Adhesion occurs when an impinging liquid (for example, a liquid droplet or liquid stream) displaces the entrained air within the surface textures. Previous efforts to prevent adhesion have focused on reducing the texture dimensions of microscale to nanoscale surfaces.
    [006] Another disadvantage with non-wetting surfaces is that they are susceptible to icing and adhesion. For example, when frost forms on existing super hydrophobic surfaces, the surfaces become hydrophilic. In freezing conditions, water droplets can stick to the surface and ice can accumulate. Removing ice can be difficult because ice can interconnect with surface textures. Similarly, when these surfaces are exposed to solutions saturated with salts, for example, as in desalination or application in oil and gas, scale constructions on surfaces and result in loss of functionality. Similar limitations of existing non-wetting surfaces include problems with hydrate formation and the formation of other organic or inorganic deposits on the surfaces.
    [007] There is a need for non-wetting surfaces (for example, super hydrophobic surfaces, super oleophobic surfaces, and super metallophobic surfaces) that are more robust. In particular, there is a need for non-wetting surfaces that resist adhesion and icing. Summary of the Invention
    [008] Non-wetting surfaces are described here that include a liquid impregnated within a matrix of micro / nano-modified characteristics on the surface or a liquid that fills pores or other tiny wells on the surface. Compared to previous non-wetting surfaces, which include a gas (for example, air) entrained within the surface textures, these liquid-impregnated surfaces are resistant to adhesion and frost formation, and are therefore more robust. The invention is fundamental in nature and can be used in any application that benefits from non-wetting surfaces. For example, the methods described here can be used to reduce viscous drag in oil and gas pipelines, prevent the formation of ice on aircraft and / or high voltage lines, and minimize the accumulation of incident liquids.
    [009] The methods and apparatus described here have several advantages over existing non-wetting surfaces, referred to here as surfaces impregnated with gas. For example, compared to surfaces impregnated with gas, surfaces impregnated with liquid have a much greater resistance to adhesion. This allows a liquid-impregnated surface to withstand higher pressures (for example, higher droplet velocities) during liquid incidence. In certain embodiments, liquid-impregnated surfaces resist adhesion through the use of microscale surface textures, rather than nanoscale textures, as used in previous gas-impregnated surface approaches. The use of microscale textures, rather than nanoscale textures, is extremely advantageous at least because the microscale features are less expensive and much easier to manufacture.
    [0010] By the appropriate selection of the impregnating liquid, the liquid impregnated surfaces described here are easily customizable to suit a wide variety of applications. For example, reduction of water drag on a solid surface can be achieved with the use of oil as an impregnation liquid, because the water glides readily on oils. The use of oil as the impregnation liquid is also suitable for preventing frost and ice formation. In this application, frost and ice can form only at the peaks of surface textures, thus greatly reducing the rates of ice formation and adhesion forces.
    [0011] In one aspect, the invention is directed to an article comprising the surfaces impregnated with liquid, said surface comprising a matrix of spaced characteristics sufficiently close to stably contain a liquid between them or within them. In certain embodiments, the liquid has a viscosity at room temperature of no more than about 1000 cP (or cSt), no more than about 100 cP (or cSt), or no more than about 50 cP (or cSt) ). In certain embodiments, the liquid has a vapor pressure at room temperature of no more than about 20 mm Hg, no more than about 1 mm Hg, or no more than about 0.1 mm Hg.
    [0012] In certain embodiments, the characteristics have a substantially uniform height and in which the liquid fills the space between the characteristics and covers the characteristics with a layer at least about 5 nm in thickness on the upper part of the characteristics. In certain embodiments, the characteristics define pores or other wells and the liquid fills the characteristics.
    [0013] In certain embodiments, the liquid has a reduced contact angle of 0 ° so that the liquid forms a thin, stable film at the top of the characteristics.
    [0014] In certain modalities, the matrix has a characteristic-to-characteristic spacing of about 1 micrometer to about 100 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the matrix has a characteristic-to-characteristic spacing of about 5 nanometers to about 1 micrometer. In certain modalities, the matrix comprises hierarchical structures. For example, hierarchical structures can be microscale features that comprise nanoscale features in them.
    [0015] In certain modalities, the characteristics have a height of no more than about 100 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the characteristics are columns. In certain embodiments, the features include one or more spherical particles, nano needles, nanograss, and / or random geometry features that provide surface roughness. In certain embodiments, the feature comprises one or more pores, cavities, interconnected pores, and / or interconnected cavities. In certain embodiments, the surface comprises a porous medium with a plurality of pores containing different sizes.
    [0016] In certain embodiments, the liquid comprises a perfluorocarbon liquid, a perfluorFluorinated vacuum oil (such as Krytox 1506 or Fromblin 06/6), a fluorinated refrigerant (for example, perfluor-tripentylamine sold as FC-70, manufactured by 3M ), an ionic liquid, a fluorinated ionic liquid that is immiscible with water, a silicone oil comprising PDMS, a fluorinated silicone oil, a liquid metal, an electroreological fluid, a magnetorheological fluid, a ferrofluid, a fluid dielectric, a liquid hydrocarbon, a liquid fluorocarbon, a refrigerant, a vacuum oil, a phase change material, a semi-liquid, grease, synovial fluid, and / or a body fluid.
    [0017] In certain embodiments, the article is a steam turbine part, a gas turbine part, an aircraft part, or a wind turbine part, and the surfaces impregnated with liquid are configured to repel liquid in collision. In certain modalities, the item is goggles, goggles, ski mask, a helmet, a helmet visor or a mirror and the surfaces impregnated with liquid are configured to inhibit nebulization on them. In certain embodiments, the article is an aircraft part, a wind turbine component, an energy transmission line, or a windshield, and the surfaces impregnated with liquid are configured to inhibit the formation of ice in these. In certain embodiments, the article is a pipe (or a part or coating thereof), and the surfaces impregnated with liquid are configured to inhibit the formation of hydrate in these and / or improve the slippage (reduce drag) of fluid flowing in (or through) it . In certain embodiments, the article is a piece of heat exchanger or an oil or gas pipe (or a piece or coating thereof), and the surfaces impregnated with liquid are configured to inhibit the formation and / or adhesion of salt on them. In certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid are configured to inhibit corrosion.
    [0018] In certain embodiments, the article is an artificial joint and the surfaces impregnated with liquid are configured to reduce the friction between coupled surfaces and / or provide long-term lubrication of the joint. In certain embodiments, the article is a motor part (for example, piston or cylinder), and the surfaces impregnated with liquid are configured to provide long-lasting lubrication of the part. In certain embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surfaces are configured to release liquid from the surface over time, thereby providing lubrication over time.
    [0019] In certain embodiments, the surfaces impregnated with liquid are an anti-fouling surface configured to resist the adsorption of residues on them. In certain embodiments, the article is a part of a heat exchanger, and the surfaces impregnated with liquid are configured to facilitate spillage of condensate on them, thereby improving the transfer of condensation heat. Brief Description of Drawings
    [0020] The objects and aspects of the invention can be better understood with reference to the drawings described below, and the claims.
    [0021] FIG. 1a is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid in contact with a non-wetting surface, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0022] FIG. 1b is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid that has adhered to the non-wetting surface, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0023] FIG. 1c is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid in contact with surfaces impregnated with liquid, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0024] FIG. 2a is a schematic cross-sectional view of a droplet on surfaces impregnated with liquid, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0025] FIG. 2b is an SEM image of a non-wetting surface that includes columns, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0026] FIG. 2c is a schematic perspective view of a non-wetting surface that includes columns, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0027] FIG. 2d is a schematic cross-sectional view from above of a non-wetting surface that includes columns, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0028] FIG. 3 includes a photograph of a microtextured surface, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0029] FIGs. 4a and 4b include a sequence of high-speed video images depicting the collision of a droplet of water on a surface impregnated with gas and surfaces impregnated with liquid, respectively, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0030] FIG. 5 includes a sequence of high-speed video images showing a droplet colliding with liquid-impregnated surfaces inclined at 25 ° with respect to the horizontal, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0031] FIGS. 6a-6d include a sequence of ESEM images showing the formation of frost on a non-wetting surface impregnated with gas, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0032] FIG. 7a-7c include droplet impact test images on dry and frozen super hydrophobic surfaces, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0033] FIG. 8 is a graph of standardized ice adhesion resistance measured versus normalized surface area, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0034] FIG. 9 is a graph of a rolling angle versus solid fraction on the surface, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0035] FIGS. 10, 11, and 12 are graphs of droplet scroll speed on impregnated surfaces inclined with liquid, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0036] FIGS. 13 and 14 include environmental SEM images (ESEM) of frost nucleation on surfaces of microcolumns impregnated with silicone oil, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0037] FIG. 15 is an image of a droplet of water on a surface containing a matrix of characteristics in columns with silicone oil, contrasting an adherent state with an non-wet state, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0038] FIG. 16 is a schematic depicting six wetting states of surfaces impregnated with liquid, according to certain embodiments of the invention.
    [0039] FIG. 17 is a schematic showing conditions for the six wetting states of liquid impregnated surfaces shown in FIG. 16, according to certain embodiments of the invention. Description
    [0040] It is contemplated that compositions, mixtures, systems, devices, methods and processes of the claimed invention include variations and adaptations developed using information from the modalities described here. Adaptation and / or modification of the compositions, mixtures, systems, devices, methods and processes described here can be carried out by experts in the relevant art.
    [0041] Throughout the description, where articles, devices and systems are described as having, including, or comprising specific components or where processes and methods are described as having, including, or comprising specific steps, it is contemplated that, in addition, there are articles, devices and systems of the present invention that essentially consist of, or consist of, the mentioned components, and that are processes and methods according to the present invention that essentially consist of, or consist of, the mentioned processing steps.
    Similarly, where articles, devices, mixtures and compositions are described as having, including or comprising specific compounds and / or materials, it is contemplated that, in addition, there are articles, devices, mixtures and compositions of the present invention that essentially consist in, or consist of, the mentioned compounds and / or materials.
    [0043] It should be understood that the order of the steps or order of carrying out certain actions is irrelevant as long as the invention remains operable. In addition, two or more steps or actions can be carried out simultaneously.
    [0044] The mention here of any publication, for example, in the Fundamentals section, is not an admission that the publication serves as a prior technique with respect to any of the claims presented here. The Fundamentals section is presented for clarification purposes and is not intended to be a description of the prior art with respect to any claim.
    [0045] In certain embodiments, a static contact angle Θ between a liquid and a solid is defined as the angle formed by a liquid drop on a solid surface as measured between a tangent in the contact line, where the three phases - solid, liquid and steam - meet and the horizontal. The term "contact angle" generally implies the static contact angle θ since the liquid is merely on the solid without any movement.
    [0046] As used here, dynamic contact angle, θ, is a contact angle made by a liquid moving on a solid surface. In the context of the droplet collision, θ can exist during forward or backward movement.
    [0047] As used here, the surface is "non-wetting" if it has a dynamic contact angle with a liquid of at least 90 degrees. Examples of non-wetting surfaces include, for example, super hydrophobic surfaces, super oleophobic surfaces, and super metallophobic surfaces.
    [0048] As used here, contact angle hysteresis (CAH) is CAH = Θ - θ, where θ and θ are forward and backward contact angles, respectively, formed by a liquid on a solid surface. The contact angle advancing θ is the contact angle formed at the instant when a contact line is close to advancing, while the contact angle advancing θ is the contact angle formed when a contact line is close to retreating.
    [0049] FIG. 1a is a schematic cross-sectional view of a contact liquid 102 in contact with a traditional or anterior non-wetting surface 104 (i.e., a surface impregnated with gas), according to an embodiment of the invention. Surface 104 includes a solid 106 having a surface texture defined by columns 108. The regions between columns 108 are occupied by a gas 110, such as air. As shown, while contact liquid 102 is able to contact the surfaces of columns 108, a gas-liquid interface 112 prevents liquid 102 from wetting the entire surface 104.
    [0050] Referring to FIG. 1b, in certain cases, contact liquid 102 can displace the impregnation gas and become adhered to columns 108 of solid 106. Adhesion can occur, for example, when a liquid droplet collides with surface 104 at high speed. When adhesion occurs, the gas occupying the regions between columns 108 is replaced with contact liquid 102, either partially or completely, and surface 104 may lose its ability to be non-wetting.
    [0051] Referring to FIG. 1c, in certain embodiments, non-wetting liquid-impregnated surfaces 120 are provided which includes a solid 122 having textures (e.g., columns 124) which are impregnated with an impregnating liquid 126, instead of a gas. In the described embodiment, a contact liquid 128 in contact with the surface, remains in columns 124 (or another texture) of surface 120. In the regions between columns 124, contact liquid 128 is supported by impregnation liquid 126. In certain The contact liquid 128 is immiscible with the impregnation liquid 126. For example, the contact liquid 128 can be water and the impregnation liquid 126 can be oil.
    [0052] Solid 122 may include any intrinsically hydrophobic, oleophobic, and / or metallophobic material or coating. For example, solid 122 may include: hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, and fluoropolymers, such as teflon, trichloro (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluoroctyl) silane (TCS), octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), heptadecafluor-1,1, 2,2- tetrahydrodecyltrichlorosilane, fluorPOSS, and / or other fluoropolymers. Additional possible materials or coatings for solid 122 include: ceramics, polymeric materials, fluorinated materials, intermetallic compounds, and composite materials. Polymeric materials can include, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluoracrylate, fluoreurethane, fluorsilicone, fluorsilane, modified carbonate, chlorosilanes, silicone, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and / or combinations thereof. Ceramics may include, for example, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, chromium nitride, boron nitride, chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, titanium carbonitride, electroless nickel, zirconium nitride, fluorinated silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, tantalum oxide, tantalum nitride, diamond type carbon, fluorinated diamond type carbon, and / or combinations thereof. Intermetallic compounds can include, for example, nickel aluminide, titanium aluminide, and / or combinations thereof.
    [0053] The textures inside the surfaces impregnated with liquid 120 are physical textures or surface roughness. Textures can be random, including fractal, or patterned. In certain modalities, textures are characteristic in microscale or nanoscale. For example, textures can have a L-length scale (for example, a medium pore diameter, or an average protrusion height) that is less than about 100 microns, less than about 10 microns, less than about 1 micron, less than about 0.1 micron, or less than about 0.01 micron. In certain embodiments, the texture includes columns 124 or other protrusions, such as spherical or hemispherical protrusions. Round protrusions can be preferred to avoid sharp cutting edges and minimize fixation of liquid edges. The texture can be introduced to the surface using any conventional method, including mechanical and / or chemical methods such as lithography, self-assembly, and deposition, for example.
    [0054] The impregnating liquid 126 can be any type of liquid that is capable of providing the desired non-wetting properties. For example, the impregnating liquid 126 can be oil-based or water-based (i.e., aqueous). In certain embodiments, the impregnating liquid 126 is an ionic liquid (for example, BMI-IM). Other examples of possible impregnating liquids include hexadecane, vacuum pump oils (for example, FOMBLIN® 06/6, KRYTOX® 1506) silicone oils (for example, 10 cSt or 1000 cSt), fluorocarbons (for example, perfluorocar- tripentylamine, FC-70), shear reducing fluids, shear increasing fluids, liquid polymers, dissolved polymers, viscoelastic fluids, and / or liquid fluorPOSS. In certain embodiments, the impregnation liquid is (or comprises) a liquid metal, a dielectric fluid, an iron fluid, a magneto-rheological fluid (MR), an electro-rheological fluid (ER), an ionic fluid, a liquid hydrocarbon , and / or a liquid fluorocarbon. In one embodiment, the impregnation liquid 126 is prepared with increased shear with the introduction of nanoparticles. A shear-increasing impregnation liquid 126 may be desirable to prevent adhesion and resist impact of colliding liquids, for example.
    [0055] To minimize evaporation of the impregnating liquid 126 from surface 120, it is generally desirable to use impregnating liquids 126 that have low vapor pressures (for example, less than 0.1 mmHg, less than 0.001 mmHg, less than than 0.00001 mmHg, or less than 0.000001 mmHg). In certain embodiments, the impregnating liquid 126 has a freezing point of less than -20 ° C, less than -40 ° C, or about -60 ° C. In certain embodiments, the surface tension of the impregnating liquid 126 is about 15 mN / m, about 20 mN / m, or about 40 mN / m. In certain embodiments, the viscosity of the impregnating liquid 126 is about 10 cSt to about 1000 cSt).
    [0056] The impregnating liquid 126 can be introduced to the surface 120 using any conventional technique to apply a liquid to a solid. In certain embodiments, a coating process such as one, such as dip coating, foil coating, or rolling coating, is used to apply the impregnating liquid 126. Alternatively, the impregnating liquid 126 can be introduced and / or refilled by liquid materials that flow past the surface 120 (for example, in a pipe). After the impregnating liquid 126 is applied, capillary forces hold the liquid in place. Capillary forces in a coarse scale with the inverse of characteristic-to-characteristic distance or pore radius, and the characteristics can be designed so that the liquid is maintained despite the movement of the surface and despite the movement of air or other fluids on the surface (for example, where surface 120 is on the outer surface of an aircraft with air passing over, or in a pipeline with oil and / or other fluids flowing through it). In certain embodiments, nanoscale features are used (for example, 1 nanometer to 1 micrometer) where high dynamic forces, body forces, gravitational forces, and / or shear forces could pose a threat to remove the liquid film, for example , for surfaces used in fast-flowing pipes, in airplanes, in wind turbine blades, etc. Small features can also be useful to provide robustness and impact resistance.
    [0057] Compared to surfaces impregnated with gas, the surfaces impregnated with liquid described here offer several advantages. For example, because liquids are incompressible under a wide range of pressures, surfaces impregnated with liquid are generally more resistant to adhesion. In certain embodiments, while nanoscale textures (for example, less than one micron) may be necessary to prevent adhesion with gas-impregnated surfaces, microscale textures (for example, from 1 micron to about 100 microns) are sufficient to avoid adhesion with liquid-impregnated surfaces. As mentioned, microscale textures are much easier to manufacture and more practical than nanoscale textures.
    [0058] Liquid-impregnated surfaces are still useful for reducing viscous entrainment between a solid surface and a flowing liquid. In general, the viscous drag or shear stress exerted by a liquid flowing on a solid surface is proportional to the viscosity of the liquid and the shear rate close to the surface. A traditional assumption is that liquid molecules in contact with solid surfaces adhere to the surface, in a threshold condition called “no slip”. While some slippage may occur between the liquid and the surface, the non-slip threshold condition is a useful assumption for most applications.
    [0059] In certain embodiments, non-wetting surfaces, such as surfaces impregnated with liquids, are desirable as they induce a large amount of slip on the solid surface. For example, referring again to FIGS. 1a and 1c, when a contact liquid 102, 128 is supported by an impregnating liquid 126 or a gas, the liquid-liquid or liquid-gas interface is free to flow or slide with respect to the underlying solid material. Drag reductions of as much as 40% can be achieved due to this slip. As mentioned, however, surfaces impregnated with gas are susceptible to adhesion. When adhesion occurs with a gas-impregnated surface, the benefits of reduced drag can be lost.
    [0060] Another advantage of the liquid impregnated surfaces described here is that they are useful to minimize the formation and adhesion of frost or ice. In theory, previous super hydrophobic surfaces (ie, impregnated with gas), reduce ice formation and adhesion by forcing ice to stay above low surface energy, micro and / or nanoscale surface textures, so that the ice mostly contacts the air. In practice, however, these gas-impregnated surfaces can actually result in increased ice formation and adhesion. For example, when the temperature of the gas-impregnated surface is brought below the freezing point, the gas-impregnated surface may begin to accumulate frost, which converts the surface from super hydrophobic to hydrophilic. When the water contacts the now hydrophilic surface, the water can seep into the hydrophilic textures and freeze. The adhesive bond between the gas-impregnated surface and the ice can be strengthened by engaging between the ice and the surface textures. Similarly, the liquid-impregnated surfaces described here are useful in situations where surface nucleation has a problem, for example, to reduce scale, hydrate formation, plaque build-up in surgical implants, and the like.
    [0061] According to the classic theory of nucleation, the sets of water molecules gathered under random thermal movement must reach a critical size to sustain growth. The free energy barrier, ΔG *, for heterogeneous nucleation of a critical size embryo on a smooth surface, and the corresponding nucleation rate is expressed as

    [0062] The parameter m is the relation of the interfacial energies given by

    [0063] where asr, aSI, and are the interfacial energies for the substrate-vapor, substrate-ice, and ice-vapor interfaces, respectively. When defining free energy in terms of a critical radius rc, the substrate and ice are assumed to be isotropic and the nucleating particles are assumed to be spherical. The critical rc radius can then be defined by the Kelvin equation: ln

    [0064] Nucleation experiments on solids demonstrate much lower energy barriers to nucleation than the free energy barrier predicted by Equation 1. This is probably due to the nanoscale heterogeneity and roughness, since surface energy fragments high and nanoscale concavities can act as nucleation sites. Liquids, however, are generally very regular and homogeneous, and the nucleation of water in liquids has shown experimentally to agree well with classical theory. Consequently, the energy barrier for nucleation or frost condensation is generally much higher for hydrophobic liquids than it is for solids. In certain embodiments, impregnating a liquid within the textures of liquid-impregnated surfaces prevents nucleation in these regions and forces preferential nucleation at the peaks of surface textures (for example, the upper parts of columns). Regarding the formation of ice, the use of surfaces impregnated with liquid overcomes or reduces the formation of ice and adhesion challenges encountered with super hydrophobic surfaces impregnated with gas.
    [0065] In certain embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surfaces described here have advantageous droplet-rolling properties that minimize the accumulation of layers of liquid or ice on the surfaces. To prevent ice formation, for example, it is important for a surface to be able to pour super-cooled droplets (for example, freezing rain) before the droplets freeze. Otherwise, droplets with a sufficiently high velocity (like a raindrop) can penetrate the textures of a surface and remain fixed until ice is formed. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surfaces described here have scroll angles (that is, the angle or inclination of a surface on which a droplet in contact with the surface will begin to roll or slide off the surface). The roll angles associated with liquid-impregnated surfaces allow droplets in contact with the surface to easily roll off the surface before the liquid freezes and ice can accumulate. As described in more detail below, the scroll angle for water on a surface (i.e., a silicone column surface treated with octadecyltrichlorosilane impregnated with hexadecane) was measured to be 1.7 ° ± 0.1 °. In certain embodiments, the roll angle for surfaces impregnated with liquid is less than about 2 °, or less than about 1 °.
    [0066] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid droplet 202 resting on surfaces impregnated with liquid 204, according to certain embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, the morphology of the droplet's edge, which governs its mobility, is affected by the properties of the impregnation liquid 126. For example, as described, the droplet can “collect” the impregnation liquid 126 locally close to the droplet edges. The grouping of impregnating liquid 126 at the edges of the droplet generates clamping forces. When rolling out of the droplet, the clamping forces resist droplet movement due to gravity. For an inclined surface at an angle α, the force balance equation for the droplet roll is given by

    [0067] where Vpg sin a is the force of gravity in the droplet,
    is the viscous force, and
    is the clamping force. In this equation, V is droplet volume, p is the density of non-wet liquid, Φ is fraction of solid surface (fraction of substrate area in direct contact with the non-wet phase), μ is the dynamic viscosity of the impregnated liquid, vo is the sliding velocity of the droplet (characteristic falling velocity), h is the characteristic height scale over which the shear of impregnated liquid occurs (for example, a height of surface columns or other height of surface texture), α is the angle that the substrate makes with respect to the horizontal, g is the acceleration of gravity, r is the contact radius of the non-wet droplet, θa and θr are the contact angles advancing and receding from the non-wet droplet, and Yw is the surface energy of the non-wet liquid in equilibrium with steam.
    [0068] FIGS. 2b to 2d represent a non-wetting surface 250 that includes a base portion 252 and an arrangement of substantially square columns 254, which have column tops 256. As shown, columns 254 have a height h, a width a, and a column spacing b (that is, a distance between adjacent column surfaces). Base portion 252 includes base regions 258 between columns 260. The solid surface fraction Φ for surface 250 is given by Φ = a2 / (a + b) 2.
    [0069] In certain modalities, the choice of impregnating liquid influences the speed with which the droplet roll occurs. For example, if the liquid has a high viscosity, scrolling can occur very slowly.
    [0070] The liquid-impregnated surfaces described here have a wide variety of applications in many different industries. For example, in certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid are used to repel liquids. There are many physical processes that involve collision of liquids on solid surfaces. Examples include water droplets colliding with steam turbine blades, oil droplets colliding with gas turbine blades, and rain droplets colliding with aircraft and wind turbine surfaces. For steam and gas turbines, water droplets dragged in the current collide and adhere to the turbine blades, thus reducing the power of the turbine. By applying liquid-impregnated surfaces to the turbine blades, however, droplets can be eliminated from the blades and the power of the turbine can be significantly improved. In one embodiment, surfaces impregnated with liquid have a large energy barrier to condensation and are suitable as anti-fog coatings for surfaces such as windows, glass, and / or mirrors.
    [0071] In certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid are used to provide phobicity to the ice, thus preventing or minimizing the formation of ice. Ice can form on surfaces in many situations, such as aircraft, wind turbines, power transmission lines, and windshields. Ice formed on liquid-impregnated surfaces has much lower adhesion compared to normal surfaces and, therefore, can be easily removed resulting in significant energy savings. Liquid-impregnated surfaces are also ice-repellent in the sense that their atomically regular, low-energy surface results in a large energy barrier for de-sublimation (frost formation). In certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid inhibit the formation of macroscopic ice from freezing rain. For aircraft, since liquid-impregnated surfaces result in decreased ice and frost adhesion, the energy and environmentally harmful chemicals required to defrost the aircraft can be significantly reduced. When liquid-impregnated surfaces are used in power transmission lines, ice is less likely to form and can be more easily removed. Surfaces impregnated with liquid can also significantly reduce the formation of ice in wind turbines, thus reducing the efficiency of the turbine.
    [0072] In certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid are used to provide phobicity to the hydrate, thus preventing or minimizing the formation of hydrates. Hydrates are formed in oil and gas pipes during drilling and / or extraction in deep waters. Hydrates can clog pipes and cause a catastrophic increase in liquid pressures. When choosing an appropriate impregnating liquid, surfaces impregnated with liquid present a high energy barrier for hydrate nucleation and thus resist hydrate formation. In addition, hydrates formed on liquid-impregnated surfaces show much lower adhesion resistance compared to normal surfaces and thus can be more easily removed. In certain embodiments, the impregnating liquid is a permanent liquid supplied with an original coating. Alternatively, the impregnation liquid can be continuously supplied by oil present in the pipeline.
    [0073] In certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid are used to provide phobicity to the salt, thus preventing or minimizing the formation of salts or mineral scale. Salts can form on solid surfaces in water-based or current-based industrial facilities, such as heat exchangers and desalination plants. Salts can also form on the surfaces of oil and gas pipes. The formation of salts reduces the thermal performance of heat exchangers and still requires expensive maintenance and / or maintenance. Liquid-impregnated surfaces have a high energy barrier for salt nucleation that resists salt formation and leads to much lower adhesion forces compared to normal surfaces, thus facilitating easy removal. The impregnating liquid can be a permanent liquid supplied with an original coating, and / or it can be continuously supplied or replenished by an adjacent liquid phase (for example, oil present in an oil or gas pipeline).
    [0074] In certain embodiments, liquid-impregnated surfaces are used to reduce viscous entrainment between a solid surface and a flowing liquid. Various engineering applications, such as transporting crude oil in pipelines, require transporting liquids through pipes over long distances. Due to the drag forces between liquids and adjacent surfaces, the energy consumption associated with transporting these liquids is generally significant. The use of liquid-impregnated surfaces can greatly reduce energy consumption in these applications. By appropriately choosing the impregnated liquid, surfaces impregnated with liquid can exhibit improved slip of the contact liquid and thus lead to a drastic reduction in a liquid-solid drag. In certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid can be effective for use in artificial arteries and / or veins.
    [0075] In certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid are useful to inhibit corrosion. By using a corrosion resistant impregnated liquid, the underlying solid material can be protected from a corrosive environment. In addition, the ability of liquid-impregnated surfaces to pour liquid droplets reduces corrosion as moisture is more easily removed from the surface.
    [0076] Surfaces impregnated with liquid can still be used in stents, artificial arteries, and / or other surgical implants to prevent accumulation of deposit in these.
    [0077] In certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid are used to provide self-lubricating bone joints. For example, surfaces impregnated with liquid can be used as a material for artificial joints implanted during knee and / or hip replacement surgeries. Liquid-impregnated surfaces provide significantly reduced friction between coupled surfaces and still provide long-lasting lubrication. The impregnation liquid can be a permanent liquid incorporated before implantation or it can be continuously supplied by lubricating fluids present inside the body (for example, synovial fluid).
    [0078] There are many other applications where surfaces impregnated with liquid can be used to provide lubrication. For example, liquid-impregnated surfaces can be used on bearings, piston / cylinder surfaces, and / or any other automotive or mechanical device or equipment where a reduction in friction between surfaces that move in close proximity is beneficial. In one embodiment, the impregnation liquid within the surface provides a long-lasting supply of lubricant and thus reduces the time and energy spent applying the lubricant to the required locations.
    [0079] Surfaces impregnated with liquid can still be used to provide anti-fouling and / or self-cleaning. For example, surfaces impregnated with liquid can be used for antifouling by resisting the adsorption of debris due to their low surface energy. In certain embodiments, particles and chemicals on surfaces impregnated with liquid are adsorbed and carried out by droplets that are poured from the surface. This self-cleaning property is important for many applications, such as self-cleaning glass (for example, for windows, glass, and / or mirrors) and industrial coatings.
    [0080] Surfaces impregnated with liquid can also be used to promote moisture condensation. For example, surfaces impregnated with liquid can be used to pour condensate easily and thus improve the transfer of condensation heat (for example, condensation in drops). In certain embodiments, surfaces impregnated with liquid are applied to heat exchangers, ranging from steam condensers, to HVAC condensers, to natural gas condensers in natural liquefied gas.
    [0081] In certain embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surfaces described here are useful for coatings on sports equipment such as ski goggles / goggles (for example, fogging), skis, snowboards, ice skates, swimsuits, and similar.
    [0082] FIG. 15 is an image of a droplet of water on a surface containing a matrix of column characteristics and impregnated with silicone oil contrasting an adherent state with an un-wet state. In the example that shows an adhered state - which can be disadvantaged for certain modalities in which an extremely non-wetting surface is desired - the droplet is water, the impregnated liquid is silicone oil, and the surface is untreated silicon with 10 square columns micrometers with spacing of 10 micrometers. In the adhered state, the liquid does not leave the surface. In the example that shows a non-wet state - which is favored for certain modalities in which non-wetting is desired - the conditions are the same except that the surface is treated with OTS (octadecyltrichlorosilane). Other coatings could be used.
    [0083] FIG. 16 is a schematic depicting six wetting states of surfaces impregnated with liquid, according to certain embodiments of the invention. The six surface wetting states (state 1 to state 6) depend on the four wetting conditions shown at the bottom of FIG. 16 (conditions 1 to 4). In most embodiments, non-wet states are preferred (states 1 to 4). In addition, where a thin film stably forms on top of the columns (or other characteristics on the surface), as in non-wetted states 1 and 3, more preferred non-wetting properties (and other related properties described here) can be observed.
    [0084] To obtain non-wet states, it is preferable to have low solid surface energy and low surface energy of the impregnated liquid compared to non-wet liquid. For example, surface energies below about 25 mJ / m2 are preferred. Low surface energy liquids include certain hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon liquids, for example, silicone oil, perfluorocarbon liquids, perfluorinated vacuum oils (eg Krytox 1506 or Fromblin 06/6), fluorinated refrigerants such as perfluor-tripentylamine (eg example, FC-70, sold for 3M, or FC-43), fluorinated ionic liquids that are immiscible with water, silicone oils comprising PDMS, and fluorinated silicone oils.
    [0085] Examples of low-surface energy solids include the following: silanes ending in a hydrocarbon chain (such as octadecyltrichlorosilane), silanes ending in a fluorocarbon chain (such as fluorsilane), thiools ending in a hydrocarbon chain (such as butanetiol ), and unions ending in a fluorocarbon chain (for example perfluordecan thiol). In certain embodiments, the surface comprises a low-surface energy solid such as a fluoropolymer, for example, silsesquioxane as an oligomeric silsesquioxane polyhedral fluordecyl. In certain embodiments, the fluoropolymer is (or comprises) tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), perfluoralcoxytetrafluoroethylene (PFA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrarafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene - ethylenochlorotrifluorethylene (ECTFE), ethylene-tetrafluorethylene (ETFE) copolymer, perfluorpolyether, or Tecnoflon.
    [0086] In FIG. 16, Gamma_wv is the surface energy of the non-wet phase in equilibrium with steam; Gamma_ow is the interfacial energy between the non-wet phase and the impregnated liquid; Gamma_ov is the surface energy of the impregnated liquid phase in equilibrium with steam; Gamma_sv is the surface energy of the solid in equilibrium with vapor; Gamma_so is the interfacial energy between the impregnated phase and the solid; Gamma_sw is the interfacial energy between the solid and the non-wet phase; r = total surface area divided by projected surface area; Theta_c1, Theta_c2, theta_c3, theta_c4, theta_w1, theta_w2, are the macroscopic contact angles made by the non-wet phase in each wetting state; Theta * _os (v) is the macroscopic contact angle on the textured substrate when the phase surrounding the textured substrate is steam; Theta_os (v) is the angle of contact of oil on a regular solid substrate of the same chemical with the phase surrounding the oil droplet is vapor; Theta * _os (w) is the macroscopic contact angle of oil on the textured substrate when the phase surrounding the oil droplet is water; and theta_os (w) is the angle of oil contact on a regular substrate of the same chemical as the textured surface when the phase surrounding the oil droplet is water.
    [0087] FIG. 17 is a schematic showing the conditions for the six wetting states of liquid impregnated surfaces shown in FIG. 16, according to certain embodiments of the invention. Experimental examples
    [0088] FIG. 3 includes a photograph of a microtextured surface 302, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. The surface 302 was made of silicon and includes a square pattern of 10 μm pillars spaced by 25 μm. As described, a lower portion 304 of surface 302 was impregnated with hexadecane (an impregnating liquid), while an upper portion 306 was impregnated with air (i.e., without impregnating liquid). An edge 308 of the hexadecane defines a threshold between the upper portion 306 and the lower portion 304. Impregnation with hexadecane was obtained by (i) dipping the lower portion 304 of surface 302 in a hexadecane bath and (ii) removing the lower portion 304 hexadecane at a slow rate (10 mm / min), with the help of an immersion coater. The impregnation was robust as the hexadecane remained in place while being spread with jets of water containing an impact speed of approximately 5 m / s. Contact angle hysteresis and scroll angle by a 7 μL water droplet were measured on the bottom 304 of surface 302 (ie, the portion impregnated with surface liquid 302). Contact angle hysteresis (CAH) and roll angle were both extremely low: CAH was less than 1 ° while the roll angle was only 1.7 ± 0.1 °.
    [0089] FIGS. 4a and 4b represent a sequence of high-speed video images depicting the collision of a water droplet 402 on the surface impregnated with gas 404 and the surfaces impregnated with liquid 406, respectively. As discussed above, when a liquid droplet collides with the surface, it can exert great pressure on the surface. This is true even for millimeter-sized drops that collide with the surface at a speed of less than about 5 m / s. As a result of these pressures, the droplets can become adhered to a gas-impregnated surface, thus causing the gas-impregnated surface to lose its drop spill qualities. Droplet adhesion is depicted in FIG. 4a in which the droplet shows to be adhered to the surface impregnated with 404 gas, instead of detaching from the surface. To prevent adhesion, previous approaches with surfaces impregnated with gas emphasize the introduction of nanoscale texturing. However, as with the liquid-impregnated surfaces approach, even microtextures in the order of 10 μm can successfully spill colliding droplets. This is shown in FIG. 4b in which the same microtexture that adhered to the drop of water when air was present completely repelled the droplet when it was impregnated with hexadecane. The scale bar 408 in these figures is 3 mm.
    [0090] FIG. 5 includes a sequence of high-speed video images showing droplet 502 colliding with surfaces impregnated with liquid 504 inclined at 25 ° with respect to the horizontal. The water droplet 502 in this case slid and eventually left the surface 504, demonstrating that the surfaces impregnated with liquid 504 could successfully leak the colliding droplet, and was robust against adhesion. The water droplet in this case was 2.5 mm in diameter. The surfaces impregnated with liquid 504 were a microtextured surface containing a hexadecane impregnation liquid in an array of square columns of 10 μm silicon, with spacing of 25 μm.
    [0091] FIGS. 6a-6d include a sequence of ESEM images showing the formation of frost on a super hydrophobic surface impregnated with gas 602, according to certain embodiments of the invention. The super hydrophobic surface 602 included an array of square hydrophobic columns 604 with width, edge-to-edge spacing, and aspect ratio of 15 μm, 30 μm, and 7, respectively. FIG. 6a describes a section surface (i.e., without frost), while FIGS. 6b-6d describe the formation of frost 606 on the surface. The contact angle of the intrinsic water of the hydrophobic coating on the columns was 110 °. The surface was maintained at a temperature of -13 ° C by means of an ESEM cold stage accessory. At the beginning of the experiment, the chamber pressure was maintained at ~ 100 Pa, well below the saturation pressure to guarantee a dry surface. The vapor pressure in the chamber was then slowly increased until frost clouding was observed. The nucleation of frost and growth occurred without any particular spatial preference in all available areas, including upper parts of the columns, side walls and valleys, due to the uniform intrinsic wettability of the surface.
    [0092] FIG. 7a-7c represent droplet impact test images on dry and frozen super hydrophobic surfaces, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. The test was conducted using water droplets containing a radius of 1 mm and colliding with the surface at a speed of 0.7 m / s. FIG. 7a is a top view of SEM image of the representative Si column arrangement surface 702 having a width, edge-to-edge and an aspect ratio of 10 μm, 20 μm, and 1, respectively. FIG. 7b includes a sequence of high-speed video images of droplet impact on a dry surface 704. As described, the droplet recedes from surface 704, as the anti-wetting capillary pressure is greater than the dynamic wetting pressures. FIG. 7c includes a sequence of high-speed video images of droplet impact on a surface covered with frost 706. The results show that frost 706 alters the surface's wetting properties, making the surface hydrophilic, and causing Cassie-to-wet transition Wenzel from the colliding drop, subsequent fixation, and the formation of “Wenzel” ice on the surface.
    [0093] FIG. 8 is a graph of resistance to normalized ice adhesion versus normalized surface area, according to certain embodiments of the invention. Normalized ice adhesion resistance is the ice adhesion resistance as measured with textured surfaces divided by the ice adhesion resistance as measured as a regular surface. Normalized surface area is the total surface area normalized by the projected area. As the figure indicates, the normalized ice adhesion resistance has been shown to increase with normalized surface area and shows a strong linear trend. The best linear fit to the data (solid line, correlation coefficient R2 = 0.96) has a slope of one and passes through the origin (extrapolated using a dashed line), indicating that the ice is contacting the entire available surface area, including the sides of the columns. Interlocking ice with the textured surface results in increased adhesion resistance. Inserts (a) - (d) in this figure are top view optical images of arrangements in replicated PDMS columns representing sparse to dense spacing (a = 15 μm, h = 10 μm, b = 45, 30, 15, and 5 μm , respectively, where a, h, and b are dimensions shown in Figs. 2C and 2D) showing the excellent quality of replication.
    [0094] Scrolling experiments were conducted using a Rame-hart goniometer with a tilt stage to measure the drop spill properties of a silicone column surface treated with octadecyltrichlorosilane (with 25 μm of column spacing) impregnated with hexadecane. A rolling angle of 1.7 ° ± 0.1 ° was measured by a 7 μl drop. Contact angles forward and backward were 98 ° ± 1 ° and 97 ° ± 1 °, respectively. This very low roll angle allows surfaces impregnated with liquid to spill liquid droplets quickly (for example, before freezing in freezing rain applications).
    [0095] FIGS. 9 and 10 show experimental measurements of water droplet mobility on surfaces impregnated with liquid. FIG. 9 is a graph of a rolling angle a (or the tilt angle) as a function of solid surface fraction f, for four different fluids impregnated on the surface (characteristic dimensions a and b are as shown in Fig. 2D). Note that the “Ar” case represents a conventional super hydrophobic surface (ie, a surface impregnated with gas). The graph shows that the roll angle a was very small (less than 5 °) for silicone oils and was not significantly affected by solid fraction f. For an ionic liquid (ie BMI-IM), which does not wet the impregnation surface completely, the angle of roll a was relatively larger, almost equal to the case of air, and increased with a solid fraction f due to the increased fixation of the droplet in microcolumns. This is possibly because an increase in solid fraction f means more microcolumns in a unit area. FIG. 10 is a graph of water droplet slip velocity vo, for a test in which the surface was tilted at 30 °, as a function of solid fraction f for 1000 cSt of silicone oil. The graph shows that the sliding speed vo decreased when the solid fraction f increased, due to the increased fixation.
    [0096] FIGS. 11 and 12 show additional experimental measurements of water droplet slip velocity v for different impregnation fluids containing different viscosities, when the surface was tilted at 30 °. The figures show that the sliding speed v with air is higher than with silicone oils, but the sliding speed v has the same tendency to decrease with the solid fraction f due to the increased fixation. FIG. 12 is a graph of slip velocity v as a function of solid fraction f for 10 cSt of silicone oil. The graph shows that the sliding velocity magnitude v is greater than with 1000 cSt but less than with air. The trend with the solid fraction remains the same. The measurements in FIGS. 10 and 12 show that droplet mobility (e.g., sliding velocity vo) increases as the impregnation liquid viscosity decreases. This suggests that greater mobility is likely to be achieved in low viscosity impregnation fluids, such as air.
    [0097] In one experiment, the viscosity of the impregnating liquid was varied to determine the influence of viscosity on droplet collision. The surface used for the test included silicon microcolumns (10x10x10 μm) with a column spacing of 10 μm. When the viscosity of the impregnating liquid was 10 cSt, the colliding water droplet was able to leave the surfaces impregnated with liquid. In contrast, when the viscosity of the impregnating liquid was 1000 cSt, the colliding water droplet remained on the surface (that is, it did not leave the surface). Unlike a similar collision experiment conducted with the gas-impregnated surface, however, the droplet was able to subsequently leave the surface, although the sliding speed was low.
    [0098] FIGS. 13 and 14 include SEM environmental images (ESEM) of frost nucleation on microcolumn surfaces impregnated with silicone oil. FIG. 13 shows a surface 1402 before nucleation is triggered. FIG. 14 shows surface 1404 during nucleation and indicates that frost 1306 had a tendency to become nuclear in the upper parts of microcolumns. Equivalents
    [0099] Although the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific preferred modalities, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in shape and details can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [0001]
    1. Article, characterized by the fact that it comprises a surface impregnated with liquid (120), said surface comprising a plurality of solid characteristics in micro-scale or nanoscale (124) spaced close together to contain a liquid impregnating stable ( 126) between them, said stable surface (120) containing said impregnating liquid (126) between said solid characteristics (124), wherein said impregnating liquid (126) fills the space between the solid characteristics (124), and is held in place between the solid characteristics (124) despite the movement of said surface (120), where 0 <Φ <0.5, where Φ is the fraction of the surface area of said surface (120) not submerged by said impregnating liquid (126), and wherein said surface (120) is not wetting to a contact liquid (128) in contact with the surface (120).
    [0002]
    2. Article according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that said liquid (126) has a viscosity at room temperature less than 1000 cP; or less than 100 cP; or less than 50 cP; and / or wherein said liquid (126) has a vapor pressure at an ambient temperature of less than 20 mm Hg.
    [0003]
    3. Article, according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that: the characteristics have a uniform height; and in which the liquid covers the characteristics with a layer at least 5 nm thick on the upper part of the characteristics.
    [0004]
    4. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the characteristics (124) define pores or other cavities and in which the liquid (126) fills the characteristics.
    [0005]
    5. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the liquid has a backward contact angle of 0 ° so that the liquid forms a stable thin film at the top of the characteristics, an angle contact angle is an angle made by a liquid on a solid surface, where the recessed contact angle is the contact angle formed when the contact line is about to recede.
    [0006]
    6. Article, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by the fact that the characteristic spacing of the characteristic has one of the following measures: from 1 micron to 100 micrometers; or from 5 nanometers to 1 micrometer.
    [0007]
    7. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by the fact that the characteristics (124) comprise hierarchical structures; or the characteristics (124) comprise hierarchical structures being micro-scale characteristics which then comprise nanoscale characteristics.
    [0008]
    8. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the characteristics (124) have a height of less than 100 micrometers.
    [0009]
    9. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by the fact that: the characteristics (124) comprise at least one member selected from the group comprising a post, a spherical particle, a nano-needle, a nanogram , and a random geometry feature that provides surface roughness; and / or in which the characteristics (124) comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of a pore, a cavity, interconnected pores and interconnected cavities; and / or wherein the surface (120) comprises porous media with a plurality of pores having different sizes.
    [0010]
    10. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the liquid (126) comprises a member selected from the group comprising silicone oil, a perfluorocarbon liquid, a perfluoro fluorinated vacuum oil, a refrigerant liquid fluorinated, an ionic liquid, a fluorinated ionic liquid that is immiscible with water, a silicone oil comprising PDMS, a fluorinated silicone oil, a liquid metal, an electro-rheological fluid, a magneto-rheological fluid, a ferrofluid, a dielectric liquid, a liquid hydrocarbon, a liquid fluorocarbon, a refrigerant, a vacuum oil, a phase change material, a semi-liquid, grease, synovial fluid, body fluid.
    [0011]
    11. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized by the fact that the article is a selected member of the group consisting of a steam turbine part, a gas turbine part, an aircraft part, and a wind turbine part, and in which the liquid-impregnated surface (120) is configured to repel invading liquids; and / or in which the article is a selected member of the group consisting of glasses and a mirror, and in which the liquid-impregnated surface (120) is configured to inhibit turbidity on itself; and / or in which the article is a selected member of the group consisting of an aircraft part, a wind turbine, an energy transmission line, and a windshield, and in which the surface impregnated with liquid (120) it is configured to inhibit the formation of ice on itself.
    [0012]
    12. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the article is: a pipeline, and in which the surface impregnated with liquid (120) is configured to inhibit the formation of hydrate on itself and / or accentuate the sliding of the fluid that circulates over it; or where the article is a part of the heat exchanger or an oil or gas pipeline, where the surface impregnated with liquid (120) is configured to inhibit the formation and / or adhesion of salt on it; or where the article is an artificial joint, and where the liquid-impregnated surface (120) is configured to reduce friction between the mating surfaces and / or provide long-term lubrication of the joint; or where the article is a motor part, and where the liquid-impregnated surface (120) is configured to provide long-lasting lubrication of the part; or where the article is a part of the heat exchanger, where the surface impregnated with liquid (120) is configured to facilitate the change of condensate on itself, thereby increasing the heat transfer of the condensation.
    [0013]
    13. Article according to any of claims 1 to 10, characterized by the fact that: the surface impregnated with liquid (120) is configured to inhibit corrosion; and / or the liquid-impregnated surface (120) is an anti-fouling surface configured to resist the adsorption of debris on itself.
    [0014]
    14. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that said surface (120) is a textured surface and said solid characteristics (124) are protrusions projected from said textured surface.
    [0015]
    15. Article according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized by the fact that said impregnated liquid (120) is held in place between said plurality of solid characteristics (124) on a micro-scale and / or nano- scale, despite the movement of air or other fluid on the surface.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    CA2844301A1|2013-02-14|
    WO2013022467A2|2013-02-14|
    AU2017202946B2|2019-05-16|
    CL2014000292A1|2014-09-26|
    US20130032316A1|2013-02-07|
    IL257873A|2020-04-30|
    MY163331A|2017-09-15|
    KR20190104235A|2019-09-06|
    ZA201400806B|2015-05-27|
    CN103917306B|2018-04-03|
    JP2017094739A|2017-06-01|
    KR20220012400A|2022-02-03|
    MX2014001442A|2014-09-12|
    AU2021209186A1|2021-08-19|
    AU2011374899A1|2014-02-20|
    WO2013022467A3|2013-06-13|
    JP2017094738A|2017-06-01|
    AU2019216670A1|2019-09-05|
    BR112014002585A2|2017-02-21|
    CN108554988A|2018-09-21|
    NZ620507A|2015-10-30|
    MX344038B|2016-12-02|
    KR20200044985A|2020-04-29|
    CN103917306A|2014-07-09|
    JP2014531989A|2014-12-04|
    KR20180049191A|2018-05-10|
    US20130034695A1|2013-02-07|
    JP2019116096A|2019-07-18|
    SG10201609944TA|2017-01-27|
    JP2021062629A|2021-04-22|
    AU2017202946A1|2017-05-25|
    CA2844301C|2020-02-18|
    KR20140047136A|2014-04-21|
    JP2021062630A|2021-04-22|
    EA201490202A1|2014-07-30|
    SG2014008338A|2014-03-28|
    IL257873D0|2018-05-31|
    IL230691D0|2014-03-31|
    KR102018037B1|2019-09-05|
    CO6960531A2|2014-05-30|
    US8574704B2|2013-11-05|
    EP2739410A2|2014-06-11|
    US20180180364A1|2018-06-28|
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    法律状态:
    2018-03-27| B15K| Others concerning applications: alteration of classification|Ipc: B64D 15/06 (2006.01), B08B 17/06 (2006.01), C09D 5 |
    2018-12-18| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2019-11-19| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2020-08-11| B06A| Patent application procedure suspended [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]|
    2020-11-24| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-02-09| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 22/11/2011, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US201161515395P| true| 2011-08-05|2011-08-05|
    US61/515,395|2011-08-05|
    PCT/US2011/061898|WO2013022467A2|2011-08-05|2011-11-22|Liquid-impregnated surfaces, methods of making, and devices incorporating the same|
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